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This study reviews, from a comparative legal perspective, four systems for the protection of personal information based on the amended Personal Information Protection Act, which is scheduled to take effect in September 2026, and the draft Enforcement Decree of the Personal Information Protection Act, which has been undergoing legislative notice since June, and derives implications for Korea therefrom.
¨ç Regarding notification of the Risk of Personal Data Breach, the draft Enforcement Decree sets the notification standard at the time the operator becomes aware of a relevant fact, thereby exempting the notification obligation only where there is objectively no Risk of Personal Data Breach, rather than depending on the materiality of the Cyber Intrusion. This is stricter than the legal systems of the EU and Australia, which exempt the notification obligation where a Risk of Personal Data Breach exists but the materiality of the resulting harm is low. However, the Japanese legal system extends coverage even to cases of mere concern rather than requiring an objectively arisen Risk of Personal Data Breach, suggesting that Korea should likewise consider extending protection to this area in light of the level of information protection expected in the era of big data. ¨è Regarding the punitive Penalty surcharge system and the need to utilize it in light of its legal nature, given that the risk of data leakage increases alongside the development of data, both domestic legislation and international legal systems are strengthening sanctions by tightening the criteria for calculating Penalty surcharges imposed on business operators that violate personal information protection obligations. Because a Penalty surcharge carries, in addition to its character as an administrative sanction, the legal nature of disgorgement of unjust enrichment, there is a need to organize such Penalty surcharges into a fund and utilize them for the prevention of harm and remediation arising from violations of personal information protection.
¨é Accordingly, by introducing a Consumer Privacy Fund premised on Penalty surcharges and utilizing it for the purpose of personal information protection, it would be possible to contribute to elevating the level of personal information protection.
¨ê The scope of insurance or mutual aid systems for the substantive fulfillment of liability for damages arising from a Personal Data Breach should be expanded so as to enable substantive recovery from harm and fulfillment of liability.





