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This paper analyzes the legal and institutional challenges of introducing Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) into payment and settlement infrastructures through four normative frameworks: (i) the CPMI-IOSCO Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (PFMI), (ii) the regulatory paradigm shift of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) since 2025, (iii) Korea's two-stage virtual-asset legislation, and (iv) the consumer-protection enforcement system in oligopolistic blockchain ecosystems. The collision between the technical immutability of blockchains and the legal reversibility required by traditional law is identified as the most critical obstacle to satisfying PFMI Principle 1 (Legal Basis). To overcome it, a tripartite regulatory architecture is proposed: clarification of liable parties combined with strict liability, mandatory "Reversibility by Design" mechanisms (admin keys, upgradeable smart contracts, time-locks), and an off-chain resolution fund. The 2026 SEC-CFTC Joint Interpretive Guidance, which introduces a five-category taxonomy of digital assets and significantly narrows the Howey Test, is expected to function as a de facto global standard, with substantial implications for Korea's investment-contract-securityframework particularly for tokenized cultural-asset markets such as fractional art investment. For Korea's second-stage legislation, the paper proposes a Virtual Asset Framework Act, completion of the Security Token Offering (STO) regime, stablecoin regulation aligned with MiCA, and clarification of the legal status of smart contracts and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). To address oligopoly risks and ensure consumer protection, it advocates a co-regulation model between the SRO and financial/competition authorities, mandatory interoperability, designation of Systemically Important Financial Market Infrastructures (SIFMIs), and a two-track sanction system combining administrative penalties with private remedies including Korean-style discovery, treble (up to fivefold) punitive damages, and a hybrid expert-lay jury balanced by a three-layer safeguard against frivolous litigation.



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Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (PFMI), Settlement Finality, Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), Stablecoin, Howey Test, Security Token Offering (STO), Self-Regulatory Organization (SRO), Punitive Damages, Korean-style Discovery